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NAMN is then converted into nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD) by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (NMNAT1), which leads to NAD + via NAD + synthase (NADS) 28,29

The liver and mitochondria then lose their main defense against oxidative damage, allowing inflammation and toxin buildup to worsen

Despite advances in emergency medical interventions such as reperfusion therapy, many patients still suffer from significant long-term cardiac dysfunction due to irreversible myocardial damage

Copper ions undergo cycles of oxidation and reduction, generating hydroxyl radicals which can cause DNA damage and lipid peroxidation (39)